Recent research has focused on using natural, recyclable, biodegradable and sustainable alternatives to synthetic acoustic absorbers to address these disadvantages. Raw fibres’ surface and structural characteristics have been changed or improved through diverse procedures, including physical, mechanical, and chemical pre-treatments. These features have made these materials a creative resource for developing thermal and acoustic insulation materials, particularly in the building sector of underdeveloped countries, where the absence of adequate recycling laws is a major problem.ĭespite the benefits of using natural fibre, its use in industry is accompanied by disadvantages such as poor fire and water resistance, weak fibre matrix bonding, and reduced durability. Furthermore, they are a renewable resource and less abrasive to machinery, tools, and equipment they also contribute to better CO 2 absorption, reduced emissions of fumes and harmful gases during production or combustion, and less skin and respiratory irritation. Natural fibres are typically inexpensive, plentiful, and have low densities. Using natural alternatives, either alone or as a component of composite materials, provides significant benefits, particularly in terms of environmental concerns compared to synthetic fibres. The manufacture and use of these synthetic materials pose substantial risks to human health and the environment’s safety, especially since they contribute to global warming. Despite these advantages, there is a cost associated with using such absorbers and insulators. These synthetic absorbers are extremely robust, long-lasting, less thermally conductive, reasonably fire retardant, and resistant to moisture absorption, including bacterial and fungal development. They often disperse sound energy inside their chambers through visco-thermal processes. Mineral wool, acoustic tiles, open-cell foams, and glass fibres are natural and man-made fibrous or porous commercial absorbers. Currently, engineering noise control measures, such as sound-absorbing materials, are used to reduce the level of exposure of at-risk groups. In order to produce sound insulation materials with effective sound absorption for noise control and apply them to conventional structures, it is necessary to determine their properties. The properties of oil palm fronds as acoustic absorber materials in structures, however, have not been much discussed. Several investigations have been undertaken on oil palm wood, including the use of fronds in particleboards, plywood, and bio-composites. The huge volume of discarded oil palm fronds has the potential to be utilised in non-structural wood-based industries. As a result, the relevant authorities have to incur significant costs to clean and dispose of this waste in an environmentally safe manner. Since landowners often do not know how to properly dispose of felled OPF, they are frequently left as garbage or burned with no discernible purpose, adversely impacting the environment. Meanwhile, replanting activities are believed to yield roughly 14,500 kg/ha of OPF. According to present estimates, approximately 10,400 kg/ha of this waste is produced annually. OPF are leftovers from post-harvesting and trimming, and the amount produced largely depends on the age of the palm tree. The amount of OPF waste generated in the country has significantly increased from 85,488,280 tonnes in 2010 to 145,865,970 tonnes in 2020 and continues to increase, covering an area of approximately 14,586,597 hectares. Since they are currently regarded as the waste product of oil palm fields, their biomass remains underutilised. Oil palm fronds (OPF) are one of Indonesia’s most abundantly available agricultural by-products. Therefore, OPF fibres can be used to create sound-absorbing composite particleboards. The results also indicated that the absorption frequency and the degree of α n significantly increased as the bulk density decreased. This occurred when the bulk density of the OPF composite particleboards ranged between 0.3–0.4 g/cm 3, and the particle size varied between medium to coarse. The findings reveal thatα n exceeded 0.45 at 1000 Hz and could reach 0.95 above 3.3 kHz. The effects of particle size and bulk density were also evaluated. The absorption coefficient of normal incidence sound (α n) was tested using an impedance tube. The particleboards were produced with three particle sizes and four target densities. The materials used were OPF particles and urea-formaldehyde was used as an adhesive. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the sound absorption performance of OPF fibre-reinforced composite under normal incidence sound. The present study deals with the sound absorption performance of natural fibres from the oil palm frond (OPF), mainly considered agricultural waste.
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